Terms describing dry leaf
Black
A black appearance is desirable preferably with "bloom".
Blackish
A satisfactory appearance for CTC type teas. Denotes careful sorting.
Bloom
A sign of good manufacture and sorting (where reduction of leaf has taken place before firing) a "sheen" that has not been lost through over-handling or over-sorting.
Bold
Particles of leaf which are too large for the particular grade.
Brown
A brown appearance in CTC type teas that normally indicates overly harsh treatment of leaf.
Chesty
Tea tainted by inferior or unseasoned packing materials.
Chunky
A very large broken-leaf tea.
Clean
Leaf that is free from fibre, dirt and all extraneous matter.
Crepy
Leaf with a crimped appearance common to larger grade broken-leaf teas such as BOP. Curly
Leaf appearance of whole leaf grade teas such as OP, as distinct from "wiry". Even Teas true to their grade, consisting of pieces of leaf of fairly even size.
Flaky
Flat open pieces of leaf often light in texture.
Grey
Caused by too much abrasion during sorting.
Grainy
Describes primary grades of well-made CTC teas such as Pekoe dust.
Leafy
A tea in which the tea tends to be on the large or longish size.
Light
Teal light in weight of poor density and sometimes flaky.
Make
A term used to describe tea manufacture, in tea-taster"s terms a make that means a well-made tea or not true to its grade.
Mushy
Tea that has been packed or stored with a high moisture content.
Neat
A grade of tea having good ìmakeî and size.
Nose
Smell of the dry leaf.
Powdery
Fine light dust as the tea people say meaning a very fine light leaf particle.
Ragged
An uneven badly manufactured and graded tea.
Stalk and Fibre
Bits of tea bush other than the leaf which should be minimal in superior grades but are unavoidable in lower-grade teas.
Tip
A sing of fine plucking apparent in top grades of tea.
Uneven and Mixed
"Uneven" pieces of leaf particles indicating poor sorting and resulting in a tea not true to a particular grade.
Well Twisted
Used to describe whole-leaf Orthodox tea grades, often referred to as well "made"or "rolled".
Wiry
Leaf appearance of a well-twisted, thin, long leaf.
Terms Describing Infused Tea Leaf
Aroma
Smell or scent denoting "inherent character" usually in tea grown at high altitudes.
Biscuity
A pleasant aroma often found in well-fired Assam.
Bright
A lively bright appearance, which usually indicates that the tea will produce a bright liquor.
Coppery
Bright leaf that indicates a well manufactured or make of tea.
Dull
Lacks brightness and usually denotes poor tea. Can be due to faulty making (manufacture) and firing or a high moisture content.
Dark
A dark or dull colour that usually indicates poorer leaf quality.
Green
When referring to black tea it means the leaf has been underfermented or alternatively it can be leaf plucked from immature bushes and will often , when liquored, result in a raw or light liquor. Can also be caused by poor rolling during making or manufacture.
Mixed or Uneven
Leaf of varying colour.
Tarry
A smoky aroma unless a Lapsang Souchong tea which should not be there.
Terms Describing Tea Liquor
Baggy
An unpleasant taste, normally resulting from the tea being carried or wrapped in unlined hessian bags.
Bakey
An over-fired tea with the result that too much moisture has been driven off the leaf while drying.
Bitter
An unpleasant taste associated with raw teas.
Body
A liquor having both fullness and strength as opposed to being thin.
Brassy
Unpleasant metallic quality similar to brass. Usually associated with unwithered tea.
Bright
Denotes a lively fresh tea with good keeping quality.
Brisk
The most "live" characteristic. Results from good manufacture.
Burned
Taint caused by extreme over drying during manufacture.
Character
An attractive taste, specific to growth origin describing teas grown at high altitude.
Coarse
A tea producing a harsh undesirable liquor with taste to match.
Coloury
Indicates useful depth of colour and strength.
Common
A very plain light and thin liquor with no distinct flavour.
Cream
A natural precipitate obtained as the liquor cools down.
Dry
Indicates slight over-firing or drying during manufacture.
Dull
Not clear, lacking any brightness or briskness.
Earthy
Normally caused by damp storage of tea but can also describe a taste that is sometimes "climatically inherent" in teas from certain regions.
Empty
A liquor lacking fullness. No substance.
Flat
Not fresh, usually due to age of the tea tends to lose its characteristics and taste with age, unlike some wines which age, unlike some wines which mature with age.
Flavour
A most desirable extension of character caused by slow growth at high altitudes. Relatively rare.
Fruity
Can be due to overfermenting during manufacture and/or bacterial infection before firing or drying, which gives the tea an over ripe taste. Unlike wines this is not a desirable taste in tea.
Full
A good combination of strength and colour.
Gone off
A flat or old tea. Often denotes a high moisture content.
Green
When referring to black tea liquor denotes an immature "raw" character. This is mostly due to under fermenting and sometimes to under withering during manufacture.
Hard
A very pungent liquor, a desirable quality in tea.
Harsh
A taste generally due to the leaf being under withered during manufacture resulting in a very rough taste.
Heavy
A thick, strong and colour liquor with limited briskness.
High-fired
Over fired or dried, but not bakey or burned.
Lacking
Describes a neutral liquor with no body or pronounced characteristics.
Light
Lacking strength and depth of colour.
Malty
Desirable character in some Assam teas. A full, bright tea with a malty taste.
Mature
Not bitter or flat.
Metallic
A sharp coppery taste.
Muddy
A dull, opaque liquor.
Muscatel
Desirable character in Darjeeling teas. A grapey taste.
Musty
A suspicion of mould.
Plain
A liquor that is "clean" but lacking in desirable characteristics.
Point
A bright, acidic and penetrating characteristic.
Pungent
Astringent with a good combination of briskness, brightness and strength.
Quality
Refers to "cup quality" and denotes a combination of the most desirable liquoring qualities.
Rasping
A very coarse and harsh liquor.
Raw
A bitter, unpleasant taste.
Soft
The opposite of briskness. Tea lacking any "live" characteristics and is caused by inefficient fermentation and/or drying.
Stewed
A soft liquor with undesirable taste that lacks point. Caused by faulty firing, or drying, at low temperatures and often with insufficient airflow through the oven during tea manufacture or making.
Strength
Substance in cup
Sweaty
Disagreeable taste. Poor tea.
Taint
Characteristic or taste that is foreign to tea such as oil, garlic etc. Often due to the tea being stored next to other commodities with strong characteristics of their own.
Thick
Liquor with good colour and strength.
Thin
An insipid light liquor that lacks desirable characteristics.
Weedy
A grass or hay taste associated with teas that have been under withered during manufacture and sometimes referred to as "woody"
随着科学技术的进步,茶叶除作为饮料之外,还被开发利用到食品、医药、轻工、化工、建材等领域。从而实现了茶叶的浓度加工,多次增值,提高了茶叶的经济效益,同时进一步拓宽了茶叶的科学研究领域。
茶籽含有油脂、蛋白质、淀粉、皂素、木质素等大量可以利用的物质。茶籽不但可榨取茶籽油,还可以从榨油后的茶籽饼粕中提取大量的茶皂素,剩余饼粕净化后是配合饮料的原料。茶籽油不但是在轻工、化工以及纺织工业中作为生产助剂和表面活性剂的原料;可以直接磺化,制成磺化油用于丝绸工业;可以皂化用于制皂业和印染工业。茶皂素与其他植物皂素一样,具有多样生理活性,在药理方面具有社痰消炎、镇痛止咳以及抗菌等多方面的效应。皂素水溶液对动物的红血球有破坏作用,产生溶血现象--皂素毒性,所以,皂素不能静脉注射,只能口服(皂素不水解不被肠胃吸收)。茶皂素对冷血动物毒性较大,可作为对虾养殖时杀灭某些鱼类的清塘剂。茶皂素的表面活性现代已应用于洗涤剂或洗理香波。茶皂素石蜡乳化剂(TS-80石腊乳化剂)应用到纤维板制造业,解决了“纤维板含水率偏高”的难题。以茶皂素为主的TS-861稳泡剂在加气混凝土生产中保证了浇注的稳定性和成功率。
茶籽壳是茶籽综合利用后数量较多的副产物,它包括果壳和种壳两部份。利用茶种壳可制取在工业上有广泛用途的烤胶,它在地质、冶金、合成氨脱硫方面均有用途。
随着茶叶天然产物化学的研究,人们不断从茶叶中发现有益于人类的营养成份和药效成份。其中尤其是茶多酚类、咖啡碱、维生素等生物活性的存在,创造了许多茶的新用途和独特功能。例如:从茶叶中提取的茶多酚用于医疗保健口服液,从茶叶中提取的咖啡碱可代替人工合成咖啡碱,茶叶中撮的儿茶素杀菌能力比乙醇高100倍,从茶叶中撮的天然色素可用于糖果糕点的生产,并能用于化妆品、口红、染发剂的生产以及用作纺织和皮革工业染料。茶叶天然抗氧化剂对人员脂质同样有抗氧化降低过氧化物作用。目前,国内外许多专家学者在茶叶抗癌防癌的科学研究方面正不懈地努力探索,并取得了许多科技成果。
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